%--*- latex -*----------------------------------------------------------------- %$Author: saulius $ %$Date: 2020-06-04 14:58:32 +0300 (Thu, 04 Jun 2020) $ %$Revision: 1524 $ %$URL: svn+ssh://saulius-grazulis.lt/home/saulius/svn-repositories/seminarai/2020-verifikacjos-seminarui/slides.tex $ %------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \documentclass[mathserif]{beamer} \usetheme{Warwick} \useoutertheme{infolines} \setbeamertemplate{headline}{} % removes the headline the infolines inserts %\setbeamertemplate{footline}[frame number] \renewcommand\familydefault{\rmdefault} % For XeLaTeX: % https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/452151/how-do-i-render-the-word-v%C7%ABlundarkvi%C3%B0a-with-bookman-and-xelatex % "Use an OpenType clone of Bookman, for instance TeX Gyre Bonum": \usepackage{fontspec} \setmainfont{TeX Gyre Bonum} \usepackage[style=authoryear,maxnames=1,doi=true,url=true,backend=biber]{biblatex} %\addbibresource{bibliography/citations.bib} \addbibresource{bibliography/Gutierrez-Osuna.bib} \addbibresource{bibliography/Intel.bib} \newcommand{\mycite}{\parencite} \usepackage{colordvi} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{tikz} \usetikzlibrary{snakes} \usepackage{verbatim} \usepackage{chemfig} \usepackage{listings} % https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Algorithms % http://mirror.datacenter.by/pub/mirrors/CTAN/macros/latex/contrib/algorithmicx/algorithmicx.pdf \usepackage{algpseudocode} \usepackage{algorithm} \usepackage{amssymb} \include{commands} \newcommand{\RCSid}[1]{\fontsize{7pt}{7pt}\selectfont $#1$ \today} %%BEGIN LANGUAGE en \title{Machine code. Assembler} %%END LANGUAGE en \author{Saulius Gražulis} \date{Vilnius, 2020} % Define colors as in % https://venngage.com/blog/color-blind-friendly-palette/ ``Retro'' \definecolor{Bluish}{HTML}{63ACBE} \definecolor{Magentish}{HTML}{601A4A} \definecolor{Orangish}{HTML}{EE442F} \begin{document} \colorlet{IdentifierColor}{red!40!black} \colorlet{StringColor}{green!70!black} \colorlet{KwdColor}{Bluish} \colorlet{CommentColor}{Orangish} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \begin{frame} \titlepage \input{affiliation} \begin{center} \mbox{} \hfill\hfill\hfill \includegraphics[height=1.5cm]{images/sp_VU_zenklas.eps} \hfill \includegraphics[height=1.5cm]{images/2019-05-02_Melynas_MIF-zenklas242x244.png} \hfill\hfill\hfill \mbox{} \end{center} \vfill %% \tiny %% \RCSid{ %% $Id: slides.tex 1524 2020-06-04 11:58:32Z saulius $ %% } \begin{flushright} \begin{minipage}[c]{0.67\textwidth} \tiny\raggedright %%BEGIN LANGUAGE en This set of slides may be copied and used as specified in the %%END LANGUAGE en \myhref{http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/}{Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International} license \end{minipage} %% \begin{minipage}[c]{1.5cm} \myhref{http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/}{ \includegraphics[width=1.5cm]{images/CC-BY-SA.eps} } \end{minipage} \end{flushright} \end{frame} %============================================================================== \begin{frame} \frametitle{Simple Harvard architecture processor} \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=12cm]{drawings/Harvard-CPU-Logisim/overal.png} \end{center} \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \begin{frame} \frametitle{Instruction memory} \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=12cm]{drawings/Harvard-CPU-Logisim/data-tract.png} \end{center} \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \lstset{ keywordstyle=\color{KwdColor}, commentstyle=\color{CommentColor}\ttfamily, identifierstyle=\color{IdentifierColor}, stringstyle=\color{StringColor}, basicstyle=\ttfamily\tiny } \begin{frame}[fragile] \frametitle{A simple algorithm} \framesubtitle{Fibonacci numbers} \begin{center} \begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth} \lstinputlisting[language=C,firstline=3,frame=trBL]{examples/Fibonacci-numbers/fibonacci.c} \end{minipage} \hspace{1cm} \begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth} \scriptsize \begin{enumerate} \item[\textit{Step 0}.] Set $a \leftarrow 1$, $b \leftarrow 1$. ($a$ and $b$ are two current sequence numbers) \item[\textit{Step i}.] for $1 \le i \le N$: \begin{enumerate}[i] \scriptsize \item temporarily save $b$: $t \leftarrow b\,;$ \item set $b \leftarrow a + b\,;$ \item output $b\,;$ \item set $a \leftarrow t\,;$ \end{enumerate} \item [\textit{Step $N+1$}.] Terminate the program \end{enumerate} \end{minipage} \end{center} \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \begin{frame} \frametitle{Machine code} \begin{center} \begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth} \lstinputlisting[language=C,firstline=3,frame=trBL]{examples/Fibonacci-numbers/fibonacci.c} \end{minipage} \hspace{1cm} \begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth} \lstinputlisting[language=C,frame=trBL]{examples/Fibonacci-numbers/fib.hex} \end{minipage} \end{center} \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \begin{frame} \frametitle{Assembler example} \begin{center} \begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth} \lstinputlisting[language=C,firstline=3,frame=trBL]{examples/Fibonacci-numbers/fibonacci.c} \end{minipage} \hspace{1cm} \begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth} \lstset{language=[Motorola68k]Assembler} \lstinputlisting[frame=trBL]{examples/Fibonacci-numbers/fib.asm} \end{minipage} \end{center} \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \begin{frame} \frametitle{Instruction mnemonics} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{ll|ll|l} \bf Address & \bf Machine code & \multicolumn{2}{l|}{\bf Mnemonics } & \bf Meaning \\ \hline 0000 & \color{KwdColor}02\color{IdentifierColor}0001 & \color{KwdColor}LDC & \color{IdentifierColor}1 & \tiny Load const. 1 into the accumulator \\ 0001 & \color{KwdColor}04\color{IdentifierColor}0000 & \color{KwdColor}ST & \color{IdentifierColor}0 & \tiny Store acc. to mem. location 0000 \\ 0002 & \color{KwdColor}04\color{IdentifierColor}0001 & \color{KwdColor}ST & \color{IdentifierColor}1\\ 0003 & \color{KwdColor}02\color{IdentifierColor}0000 & \color{KwdColor}LDC & \color{IdentifierColor}0\\ 0004 & \color{KwdColor}04\color{IdentifierColor}0002 & \color{KwdColor}ST & \color{IdentifierColor}2\\ 0005 & \color{KwdColor}03\color{IdentifierColor}0001 & \color{KwdColor}LD & \color{IdentifierColor}1 & \tiny %%BEGIN LANGUAGE en Load accumulator with [0001]\footnote{\fontsize{6.6}{6.6}\selectfont [0001] -- contents of the data memory cell at the address 0001.} %%END LANGUAGE en \\ 0006 & \color{KwdColor}0B\color{IdentifierColor}0000 & \color{KwdColor}ADD & \color{IdentifierColor}0 & \tiny Add contents of location 0000 to acc. \\ ... \\ 000D & \color{KwdColor}1A\color{IdentifierColor}0015 & \color{KwdColor}SUBC & \color{IdentifierColor}15H & \tiny Subtract 21 from accumulator \\ 000E & \color{KwdColor}0A\color{IdentifierColor}0005 & \color{KwdColor}JNEG & \color{IdentifierColor}0005 & \tiny Jump to prog.\ address 0005 if acc. < 0 \\ 000F & \color{KwdColor}FF\color{IdentifierColor}FFFF & \color{KwdColor}HALT & & \tiny Halt the CPU \\ \end{tabular} \end{center} \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \begin{frame} \frametitle{Instruction operands} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{lll} \textcolor{KwdColor}{N} & \color{KwdColor}EQU & 21 \\ \textcolor{KwdColor}{A} & \color{KwdColor}\only<1>{EQU}\only<2>{DS} & \only<1>{0}\only<2>{1} \\ \textcolor{KwdColor}{B} & \color{KwdColor}\only<1>{EQU}\only<2>{DS} & 1 \\ \textcolor{KwdColor}{I} & \color{KwdColor}\only<1>{EQU}\only<2>{DS} & \only<1>{2}\only<2>{1} \\ \end{tabular} \vspace{0.5\baselineskip} \begin{tabular}{ll|ll|l} \bf Address & \bf Machine code & \multicolumn{2}{l|}{\bf Mnemonics } & \bf Meaning \\ \hline 0000 & \color{KwdColor}02\color{IdentifierColor}0001 & \color{KwdColor}LDC & \color{IdentifierColor}1 & \tiny Load const. 1 into the accumulator \\ 0001 & \color{KwdColor}04\color{IdentifierColor}0000 & \color{KwdColor}ST & \color{IdentifierColor}A & \tiny Store acc. to mem. location A \\ 0002 & \color{KwdColor}04\color{IdentifierColor}0001 & \color{KwdColor}ST & \color{IdentifierColor}B\\ 0003 & \color{KwdColor}02\color{IdentifierColor}0000 & \color{KwdColor}LDC & \color{IdentifierColor}0\\ 0004 & \color{KwdColor}04\color{IdentifierColor}0002 & \color{KwdColor}ST & \color{IdentifierColor}I\\ 0005 & \color{KwdColor}03\color{IdentifierColor}0001 & \color{KwdColor}LD & \color{IdentifierColor}B & \tiny %%BEGIN LANGUAGE en Load accumulator with [B]\footnote{\fontsize{6.6}{6.6}\selectfont [B] -- contents of the data memory cell that holds value of B.} %%END LANGUAGE en %% Load acc. from mem. location B \\ 0006 & \color{KwdColor}0B\color{IdentifierColor}0000 & \color{KwdColor}ADD & \color{IdentifierColor}A & \tiny Add contents of location A to acc. %% Add contents of location A to acc. \\ ... \\ 000D & \color{KwdColor}1A\color{IdentifierColor}0015 & \color{KwdColor}SUBC & \color{IdentifierColor}N & \tiny Subtract N (= 21) from accumulator %% Subtract 21 from accumulator \\ 000E & \color{KwdColor}0A\color{IdentifierColor}0005 & \color{KwdColor}JNEG & \color{IdentifierColor}0005 & \tiny Jump if accumulator is negative \\ \end{tabular} \end{center} \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \begin{frame} \frametitle{Labels} \begin{center} \scriptsize \begin{tabular}{rlll} & & \color{KwdColor}ORG & 100 \\ \textcolor{KwdColor}{N} & : & \color{KwdColor}EQU & 21 \\ \textcolor{KwdColor}{A} & : & \color{KwdColor}DS & 1 \\ \textcolor{KwdColor}{B} & : & \color{KwdColor}DS & 1 \\ \textcolor{KwdColor}{I} & : & \color{KwdColor}DS & 1 \\ \end{tabular} \small \vspace{0.5\baselineskip} \begin{tabular}{ll|ll|l} \bf Address & \bf Machine code & \multicolumn{2}{l|}{\bf Mnemonics } & \bf Meaning \\ \hline & \color{KwdColor}02\color{IdentifierColor}0001 & \color{KwdColor}LDC & \color{IdentifierColor}1 & \tiny Load const. 1 into the accumulator \\ & \color{KwdColor}04\color{IdentifierColor}0000 & \color{KwdColor}ST & \color{IdentifierColor}A & \tiny Store acc. to mem. location A \\ & \color{KwdColor}04\color{IdentifierColor}0001 & \color{KwdColor}ST & \color{IdentifierColor}B\\ & \color{KwdColor}02\color{IdentifierColor}0000 & \color{KwdColor}LDC & \color{IdentifierColor}0\\ & \color{KwdColor}04\color{IdentifierColor}0002 & \color{KwdColor}ST & \color{IdentifierColor}I\\ \textcolor{IdentifierColor}{LOOP}: & \color{KwdColor}03\color{IdentifierColor}0001 & \color{KwdColor}LD & \color{IdentifierColor}B & \tiny Load acc. from mem. location B \\ & \color{KwdColor}0B\color{IdentifierColor}0000 & \color{KwdColor}ADD & \color{IdentifierColor}A & \tiny Add contents of location A to acc. \\ ... \\ & \color{KwdColor}1A\color{IdentifierColor}0015 & \color{KwdColor}SUBC & \color{IdentifierColor}N & \tiny Subtract N (= 21) from accumulator \\ & \color{KwdColor}0A\color{IdentifierColor}0005 & \color{KwdColor}JNEG & \color{IdentifierColor}LOOP & \tiny Jump if accumulator is negative \\ \end{tabular} \end{center} \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \begin{frame} \frametitle{Assembler program} \begin{center} \small \begin{tabular}{l|ll|l} \bf Label & \bf Operation & \bf Operand(s) & \bf Comment \\ \hline & \color{KwdColor}ORG & 100 \\ \textcolor{KwdColor}{N}: & \color{KwdColor}EQU & 21 & \tiny ; Number of sequence members to compute \\ \textcolor{KwdColor}{A}: & \color{KwdColor}DS & 1 \\ \textcolor{KwdColor}{B}: & \color{KwdColor}DS & 1 \\ \textcolor{KwdColor}{I}: & \color{KwdColor}DS & 1 \\ &&&\\ & \color{KwdColor}LDC & \color{IdentifierColor}1 & \tiny ; Load const. 1 into accumulator \\ & \color{KwdColor}ST & \color{IdentifierColor}A & \tiny ; Store acc. to mem. location A \\ & \color{KwdColor}ST & \color{IdentifierColor}B\\ & \color{KwdColor}LDC & \color{IdentifierColor}0\\ & \color{KwdColor}ST & \color{IdentifierColor}I\\ \textcolor{IdentifierColor}{LOOP}: & \color{KwdColor}LD & \color{IdentifierColor}B & \tiny ; Load acc. from mem. location B \\ & \color{KwdColor}ADD & \color{IdentifierColor}A & \tiny ; Add contents of location A to acc. \\ ... &&& \\ & \color{KwdColor}SUBC & \color{IdentifierColor}N & \tiny ; Subtract 21 from accumulator \\ & \color{KwdColor}JNEG & \color{IdentifierColor}LOOP & \tiny ; Repeat the loop if acc. is negative \\ \end{tabular} \end{center} \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \begin{frame} \frametitle{Addressing modes} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{l|l|p{0.4\textwidth}} \textbf{ Mode } & \textbf{ Action } & \textbf{ Description } \\ \hline Immediate & A $\leftarrow$ operand & { \raggedright\footnotesize Use value that is in the command itself } \\ Direct & A $\leftarrow$ [operand] & { \raggedright\footnotesize Use value using \textit{address} in the command } \\ Register & A $\leftarrow$ IDX & { \raggedright\footnotesize The value used is in a register } \\ Indirect & A $\leftarrow$ [IDX] & { \raggedright\footnotesize \textit{Address} of the value is in a register } \\ Indexed & \footnotesize A $\leftarrow$ operand[IDX] & { \raggedright\footnotesize Address of the value is the register content + the operand } \\ \end{tabular} \end{center} \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \begin{frame} \frametitle{CPU model visible to programmer} %%BEGIN LANGUAGE en From the point of view of a programmer, to describe a processor we need to specify: %%END LANGUAGE en \begin{itemize} \item %%BEGIN LANGUAGE en The \textbf{CPU registers} that are visible to the programmer %%END LANGUAGE en \item %%BEGIN LANGUAGE en The \textbf{Instruction set architecture (ISA)} of the CPU %%END LANGUAGE en \item %%BEGIN LANGUAGE en The \textbf{addressing modes} of the CPU %%END LANGUAGE en \item %%BEGIN LANGUAGE en The \textbf{memory organisation} of the CPU %%END LANGUAGE en \item %%BEGIN LANGUAGE en The \textbf{input/output} of the CPU %%END LANGUAGE en \end{itemize} \rightline{\scriptsize\mycite{GutierrezOsuna2000}} \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \begin{frame} \frametitle{16-bit Harvard RISC-like CPU} \begin{itemize} \item Registers: \texttt{A, PC, IDX} \item Instruction format: \fbox{OPC (8 bit )}\fbox{ADDR/IMM (16 bit )} \item Word size: \begin{itemize} \item data word – 16 bits \item instruction word – 24 ($\text{8}+\text{16}$) bits \end{itemize} \item Address width: 16 bits \item Addressable unit: word \item Address space: flat \item ISA: accumulator architecture; \texttt{LD, LDC, ST, ADD, JNZ, JNEG, ...} \item %%BEGIN LANGUAGE en Input/output: ports in separate address space; no interrupts; one input and one output port %%END LANGUAGE en \end{itemize} \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \begin{frame} \frametitle{Registers} \begin{center} Intel 8086 CPU \includegraphics[width=4cm]{drawings/Intel/8086-regs.eps} \end{center} \rightline{\scriptsize\mycite{INTEL1979}} \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \begin{frame} \frametitle{Segmented addressing} %%BEGIN LANGUAGE en Segment address is shifted by 4 bits and added to the offset: %%END LANGUAGE en \vspace{\baselineskip} \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=3cm]{drawings/Intel/8086-segments.eps} \end{center} \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \begin{frame} \frametitle{Take home messages} \begin{itemize} \item %%BEGIN LANGUAGE en Machine code is binary (for binary machines), usually expressed in HEX %%END LANGUAGE en \item %%BEGIN LANGUAGE en Command mnemonics are used to facilitate instruction description and memorisation %%END LANGUAGE en \item %%BEGIN LANGUAGE en Assemblers are used to facilitate programming in machine language %%END LANGUAGE en \item %%BEGIN LANGUAGE en Main notions of assembler: labels, operations, operands, pseudoinstructions, comments %%END LANGUAGE en \item %%BEGIN LANGUAGE en Computer/CPU architecture can be described by specifying several programmer-visible parameters %%END LANGUAGE en \end{itemize} \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \begin{frame}%%[allowframebreaks] \frametitle{References} \renewcommand{\bibfont}{\scriptsize} \printbibliography \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \end{document} % 2021-10-18 09:52:37 EEST